MOTS-c Tablets are solid preparations with high-purity human-derived MOTS-c polypeptide as the core ingredient, manufactured via advanced granulation and tableting technology. The bioactive polypeptide consisting of 16 amino acids is formulated with suitable fillers and disintegrants, achieving both the retention of biological activity and the convenience of oral administration, and thus serving as one of the important dosage forms for the translational research of MOTS-c. Its core feature lies in the advantages of the dosage form: the tablets offer precise and uniform dosage, with the content of the active ingredient in each tablet being accurately controllable to avoid errors in powder proportioning; they exhibit enhanced stability, as the hermetic packaging can effectively isolate the effects of temperature and humidity and extend the shelf life. Moreover, the tablets are easy to carry, store and administer without additional weighing tools, making them suitable for long-term intervention and large-scale research in animal experiments.
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MOTS-c COA
Core Applications and Mechanisms in the Antiviral Field
Viral infection is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction in host cells, and as a mitochondria-derived peptide, MOTS-c can inhibit viral replication by repairing mitochondrial damage and activating antiviral signaling pathways. With a stable in vivo dissolution efficiency, it can precisely deliver the bioactive polypeptide to target tissues, exhibiting definite antiviral activity with good safety and no obvious toxic reactions in models of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, autoimmune virus-related diseases and other conditions.
Intervention Potential in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection
HBV infection can severely impair the mitochondrial activity of hepatocytes and lead to liver function damage, and the intervention effect of MOTS-c Tablets on HBV infection has been fully verified by scientific research. A study published in GUT by the research team led by Professor Qishui Ou from Fujian Medical University showed that serum MOTS-c levels were significantly negatively correlated with HBV DNA expression (correlation coefficient R=-0.71). The area under the curve (AUC) for distinguishing patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) from healthy individuals reached 0.9530, and the AUC for distinguishing HBV carriers in the immune reactive phase from those in the inactive phase was 0.8689, demonstrating its potential as a biomarker for the progression of HBV infection.
In intervention experiments, it have exhibited high-efficiency HBV inhibitory effect and liver protective efficacy. Repeated treatment with 500μg the product in HBV-infected C3H/He mice achieved an HBV replication inhibition rate of 50%-70%, significantly improved liver function indices in mice, and no obvious toxic reactions were detected. Its molecular mechanisms mainly focus on two aspects: first, mediating mitochondrial remodeling through regulating the MYH9-actin molecular complex, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, repairing mitochondrial damage caused by HBV infection, and maintaining hepatocyte homeostasis; second, activating the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) pathway and downstream signal transduction, strengthening the antiviral defense system of host cells, and inhibiting HBV replication from the source. This dual mechanism of "mitochondrial repair + antiviral signal activation" makes it a novel tool for the intervention research of chronic hepatitis B.
Protective Effect against Virus-Related Immune Injury
Some viral infections can induce excessive inflammatory responses and lead to tissue and organ damage, and it can alleviate such damage through anti-inflammation and barrier function repair. In a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), administration of 20mg/kg the product 4 hours in advance significantly increased the 72-hour survival rate of mice from 30% in the model group to 65%, while reducing the mouse sepsis score (MSS) and alleviating neuroinflammatory responses.
Its protective mechanisms are reflected in multiple dimensions: on the one hand, it inhibits the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) to alleviate systemic inflammatory infiltration; on the other hand, it upregulates the expression of blood-brain barrier tight junction proteins (Claudin-5, Occludin, ZO-1), reduces blood-brain barrier permeability, inhibits the excessive activation of astrocytes and microglia, and simultaneously increases the expression of factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to promote neuronal repair. This study confirmed that it can alleviate virus infection-related secondary tissue damage by regulating inflammatory responses and barrier function, expanding its application scenarios in the research of viral infection complications.
Applications and Mechanistic Exploration in the Immunomodulatory Field
Imbalance of immune system homeostasis is the core inducement of autoimmune diseases and post-infection immune disorders. It can maintain the body's immune homeostasis through regulating immune cell function, modulating inflammatory factor secretion, inducing immune cell differentiation and other pathways. The advantages of its dosage form enable the polypeptide to act stably on immune cells, exhibiting unique value in the research of T cell regulation and inflammatory response control.
T Cell Function Regulation and Autoimmune Disease Intervention
Abnormal activation and differentiation of CD4⁺T cells are important pathological bases of autoimmune diseases, and MOTS-c Tablets can inhibit autoimmune responses by regulating T cell metabolism and differentiation. In the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model, intervention with it can effectively prevent the occurrence of autoimmune diabetes, alleviate hyperglycemia symptoms, and reduce the number of immune cells infiltrating the islets. Studies have found that MOTS-c can regulate the expression of FOXP3 and IFNG genes by modulating the T cell receptor (TCR)/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway, promote the differentiation of CD4⁺T cells into regulatory T cells (Treg), and inhibit the activation of effector T cells.
Analysis of clinical samples showed that serum MOTS-c levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals, and MOTS-c can reduce the excessive activation of T cells by alleviating the glycolytic stress of T cells, suggesting its therapeutic potential in autoimmune diseases.
With precise dosage control, it can achieve targeted regulation of T cell function, providing a standardized tool for the immunological intervention research of autoimmune diseases and facilitating the exploration of novel pathways for the induction of immune tolerance.
Precise Control of Inflammatory Responses and Maintenance of Immune Homeostasis
Excessive inflammatory responses can trigger tissue damage, and it can achieve precise control of inflammatory responses by inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways. In the sepsis mouse model, it can significantly inhibit the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, thereby improving the survival rate of septic mice. The mechanism lies in that MOTS-c can downregulate the expression of key molecules in the inflammatory pathway by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, and simultaneously enhance mitophagy to clear reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by damaged mitochondria, alleviate oxidative stress-induced inflammatory responses, and form a dual regulatory network of "anti-inflammation + antioxidant".
In addition, it can regulate the function of innate immune cells and enhance the body's anti-infection immune capacity. Studies have shown that MOTS-c can exert its effects through both intrinsic and extrinsic cellular pathways, which can not only directly target pathogens, but also regulate the responses of innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells to strengthen the immune defense capacity. This multi-dimensional immunomodulatory effect makes it applicable to various scientific research scenarios such as inflammation-related diseases and immunodeficiency models.
Application Advantages and Research Prospects
The application advantages of it in the antiviral and immunomodulatory fields stem from both the biological activity of its core ingredient and the research convenience brought by the characteristics of the dosage form. Compared with the powder dosage form, the tablets have strong dosage uniformity, which can avoid dosage errors during administration and ensure the repeatability of experimental results; they have better stability under hermetic packaging, which can retain the polypeptide activity for a long time and are suitable for long-term animal intervention experiments; the formula design of rapid disintegration and dissolution improves the in vivo bioavailability of the polypeptide, enabling the active ingredient to exert its effects efficiently. These advantages make it a preferred material for scientific research in this field.
At present, the research on it is still focused on the basic scientific research stage, and issues such as the optimal dosage, administration cycle and long-term safety in the treatment of human viral diseases need to be further explored.
In the future, relying on the optimization of the tablet dosage form and combining with targeted delivery technology, the enrichment of the polypeptide in target tissues such as the liver and immune organs can be improved, expanding its application research in infection models such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Meanwhile, based on its immunomodulatory properties, its potential for synergistic application in the fields of tumor immunotherapy, allergic diseases and other areas can be explored.
As a polypeptide solid preparation, MOTS-c Tablets require precise analytical methods to control purity, content, stability and impurity levels, ensuring compliance with the requirements of standardized materials for scientific research experiments. The analytical methods focus on the characteristics of polypeptides and take into account the elimination of interference from tablet excipients, mainly covering three dimensions: qualitative identification, quantitative determination and stability analysis, providing comprehensive support for the quality control of the tablets.
Qualitative Identification: Confirming the Authenticity of the Active Ingredient
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is used for qualitative identification to accurately confirm the presence of MOTS-c polypeptide in the tablets. The HPLC conditions are as follows: a C18 reversed-phase column is selected as the chromatographic column; the mobile phase is acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) for gradient elution; the flow rate is 1.0mL/min; and the detection wavelength is 220nm. After collecting the target chromatographic peak, MS is used to detect the molecular weight (theoretical value: 2174.59) and amino acid sequence, which are compared with the reference standard to eliminate interference from excipients and impurities, ensure the correctness of the active ingredient, and achieve an identification accuracy of over 99%.
Quantitative Determination: Precisely Controlling the Content of the Active Ingredient
HPLC is the main method for quantitative analysis, with the external standard method used for content calculation, taking into account both accuracy and repeatability. The samples are ultrasonically extracted with methanol, and the supernatant is taken for injection after centrifugation and filtration, with the same chromatographic conditions as those for qualitative analysis. A standard curve is plotted with the MOTS-c reference standard, with a linear range of 0.1-10μg/mL and a correlation coefficient R²≥0.999. Meanwhile, the extraction process is optimized to eliminate the interference of excipients such as lactose and starch on the determination, the sample recovery rate is controlled at 95%-105%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) is ≤2%, realizing the precise quantification of the active ingredient content in each tablet.
Stability and Impurity Analysis: Ensuring the Quality of the Preparation
Stability analysis combines accelerated tests and long-term tests, with HPLC used to monitor changes in content and the generation of impurities. The accelerated test is conducted at 40℃ and 75% relative humidity (RH) for 6 months, and the long-term test is conducted at 25℃ and 60% RH for 12 months, with samples taken regularly for detection. Impurity analysis focuses on degradation products, and HPLC-MS/MS is used to identify impurity types, mainly monitoring small molecular peptide impurities generated by oxidation and hydrolysis. The content of a single impurity is required to be ≤0.5%, and the total impurity content ≤2.0%, ensuring the stable activity of the tablets during the shelf life.
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